Another German scientist Eugen Goldstein called this phenomenon the cathode rays. The German physicist Johann Wilhelm Hittorf was the first to view a shadow of objects after placing them in front of the cathode as if a solid object was placed in front of a light source and shadowed it. He invented the Crookes Tube, which allows one to study various phenomena that occur when electric current flows through a gas of extremely low internal pressure of about 10⁻⁶ bar.
Source: WikipediaĪ British scientist William Crookes was one of these researchers.
Modern vacuum tubes are also used in guided missile weapon systems, airplanes, and satellites. Klystrons are used in radiolocation, and X-ray tubes are used in medicine and technology. They are also used for building audio power amplifiers for those who like the "warm vacuum tube sound". These days, vacuum tubes are produced in much smaller quantities, mainly for specialized functions in the defense, aerospace, and research and development industries. Later their production declined when the transistors were invented and the vacuum tube components were replaced with the more energy-efficient solid-state devices. Vacuum tube production peaked in the 1950s when billions of these vacuum tubes were produced per year. Speaking of computers, the first computer system ENIAC was developed primarily to simplify the calculation of artillery firing tables. The peak of the development of vacuum tube technologies fell on the post-WW2 years when the first computers were built using this technology. JSC "Svetlana" in Saint Petersburg (Russia) develops and produces high-power vacuum tubes as well as solid-state components. This was done using radiolocation.Ĭommand and control of the army, fleet and air force using radio improved the efficiency of communications between the command center and the military units, and this, in turn, made combat more effective overall. For example, this technology allowed aircraft and other flying target detection a long time before they approached. In addition to meeting the information needs of the society and providing remote communications and entertainment, technology based on vacuum tubes also allowed an increase in the defense potential of countries that used the technology. Vacuum tubes for electronic oscillators and amplifiers gave rise to the development of new industries, starting with radio, then voice cinematography, and then television. The control grid is in turn surrounded by the anode. The term "grid" does not always reflect the reality because most often the grid actually consists of a fine wire, which is wound in a spiral surrounding the other electrode, known as the cathode but situated some distance away from it. We should note though, that it is the change in the charge of the electrode, known as the control grid that gives it the ability to control the electric current, which flows through the vacuum tube.
In electrical engineering, to make it easier to understand the process, we usually talk about changing the control grid voltage instead of considering changing its charge because it is difficult to measure electric charge. Generation and amplification of voltage of low, middle, and high frequencies by the triode depend on the change of charge and its linear density of an electric charge on an electrode, which is placed near the cathode. The physics of the operation of vacuum tubes made for different purposes is closely related to the linear charge density. 6GK5 Triode parts: 1 - anode 2 - screening plates 3 - heater 4 - heated cathode 5 - grid 6 - mica spacer
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